Founded 315 BCE · continuously inhabited
From Cassander to Cyril and Methodius — the city that has produced ideas for two and a half millennia.
Thessaloniki was founded around 315 BC by Cassander, king of Macedonia, who named it after his wife — sister of Alexander the Great. Built amphitheatrically on the shores of the Thermaic Gulf, it became Macedonia's main commercial port and, under Roman rule, the capital of Macedonia and Epirus.
During the Byzantine period, Thessaloniki was the empire's second spiritual and artistic centre, after Constantinople. Its scholars, theologians, and jurists shaped Eastern Christian thought — among them Eustathios of Thessaloniki, the Homeric scholar; Constantine Armenopoulos, author of the legal compendium Exavivlos; and Gregory Palamas, theologian and Archbishop of the city.
Two of the most consequential figures in European linguistic history — the missionary brothers Cyril and Methodius — invented the Cyrillic alphabet here in the 9th century, an alphabet still used today across the Slavic world.
When Thessaloniki fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1430, two of its scholars — Theodoros Gazis and Andronikos Kallistos — joined the Greek humanists who carried Greek learning into the Christian West.
On the city's intellectual diaspora
The city was liberated from Ottoman rule on 26 October 1912 — the feast day of its patron saint, Saint Demetrius — and within a generation became the seat of Greece's largest northern university. AUTH was founded here in 1925 as a deliberate continuation of this 2,300-year intellectual tradition: the modern academic expression of a city that has been producing scholars for longer than most European nations have existed.
Today, the city remains one of the Mediterranean's major cultural and commercial centres — host to the University of Macedonia, the International University of Greece, multiple major museums (Archaeological, Byzantine, Folklore), the State Theatre, the State Orchestra, and the Society of Macedonian Studies. Its port, free-trade zone, and international exhibition continue the commercial role that has defined the city since Cassander.